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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The 10,000 elite troops of the Persian empire, known as the Immortals, demonstrate the power of a professional standing army | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The great network of roads built by Darius I has at its centre the 2000-mile royal road from Susa to Sardis | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | Darius I adopts Zoroastrianism as the religion of the Persian empire | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Magi, possibly converting from an earlier Iranian religion, become the priests of Zoroastrianism | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | Hockey, like polo, is a team game in the Persian empire | |
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| 493 BC |
| | | After six years the Persians recover control of Ionia, but Athens is now identified as a target for invasion | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | The Persian fleet moves south towards Athens, but then heads home across the Aegean without attempting an assault on the city | |
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| 414 BC |
| | | The Persians, renewing their interest in the Aegean, fund the Spartans in the building of a fleet to match that of Athens | |
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| 331 BC |
| | | Moving northeast into Mesopotamia, Alexander again defeats Darius III (at Gaugamela), leaving Persia open to his advances | |
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